How can we help people who are living longer to live better Assignment

How might we help individuals who are living longer to live better - Assignment Example As per the World Health Organization, the annihilation of non transferable sicknesses might be a factor in accomplishing this objective. It is by altering the way of life decisions of the vast majority this is conceivable. It is likewise crucial to take note of that physical movement assumes a considerable job in empowering individuals live better lives. As individuals age, the body may not be as profoundly utilitarian as it was in its prime years. Nonetheless, by concentrating on changing the psychological sharpness of a great many people in their prime years, it is conceivable to convey such a mentality toward their brilliant years. Offering care and backing to those living longer is likewise an approach to guarantee that they get the consideration they urgently need. It is frequently said that bliss may bring about individuals living longer (Themer 2015, p. 73). For this situation, it might improve the personal satisfaction of an individual in the event that they feel upbeat. By teaching individuals on the advantages of physical movement, solid way of life decisions, and low pressure factors, it is conceivable to guarantee that individuals living longer likewise live better lives.

Operations Management for Organisational Culture and Structures

Question: Talk about theOperations Management for Organizational Culture and Structures. Answer: Authoritative culture alludes to a lot of shared presumptions esteems and convictions regular to an association (Armenakis, Brown, Mehta 2011, p. 305). It decides the manner in which individuals act towards one another in an association. It concerns how individuals relate pretty much morally to one another. It decides how representatives in the association dress, go about just as the way of execution of their employments. An association is comprised by various individuals from a wide assortment of foundations. As a result of this an association is probably going to have a few subcultures. People will in general situate and consider themselves to be having a place with a specific gathering. These inner groupings lead to the making of a hierarchical culture, obviously, more often than not, not without components of solidarity and fracture also. The individuals from the association recognize themselves by a lot of qualities and thoughts which separate them from different gatherings and associations. This paper investigates how much such hierarchical culture decides the authoritative structure and its prosperity. Solid authoritative societies cultivate a decent working relationship with the representatives at the work environment. In the event that top notch by the administration, the authoritative culture manages the laborers to relate morally and ethically in manners that are facilitative to the companys achievement. As indicated by Samson and Richard (2010), the brilliant guideline of do to others what you would have them do to you is a characterizing society for TMT. This estimation of conviction is likewise reflected in the association's commitment with different partners, for example, contenders, clients, providers and the general public too. The longstanding achievement of TMT after some time could be ascribed to this standard which is a culture gotten from Espoused Beliefs Values This aides specialist connections whether in load up room gatherings where significant choices are made or in the everyday tasks in the work environment. Authoritative culture is crucial to the greatness of the association. It has a heading on the authoritative structure. Hierarchical scientists are starting to comprehend that one of the significant elements of pioneers in business is to create and oversee authoritative societies. Albeit authoritative societies differ with respect to extension and substance, Samson and Richard (2010) hypothesized five factors of hierarchical culture. These are significant determinants of the authoritative structure and at last its presentation. Correspondence how responsive does one see their partners as. How would they respond to his/her thoughts and recommendations? Inspiration is the individual propelled to come to work. Do the representatives anticipate coming to work each day? What persuades the workforce? Dynamic what is the degree of information on the leaders about the goings-on in the lower levels of the association? Does dynamic try to comprehend laborers predicament? Control-in the different divisions, what is the degree of impact of the various leveled the executives levels in the activities of the office? Does the workforce get a handle on left by the administration in the association's exercises? Co-appointment do people working in the different divisions plunk down to design exercises together? Are their activities facilitated? These are factors that directly affect right off the bat the efficiency of the workers a nd generally speaking on the presentation of the division in question or the whole association as indicated by Peterson (2014, p. 8). The five factors of authoritative culture clarified above would definity affect in addition to other things, the activity fulfillment of workers. Some measure of research has been aimed at this region of employment fulfillment as an object of authoritative culture. Kessler Limor (2014) embraced an overview to investigate the high willful turnover by IT administrators and driving IT specialists in the hey Tech organizations of Israel from the perspective of the IT workers themselves. They found that the impact of occupation fulfillment in affecting workers aim for willful turnover is a main source. Other hierarchical structure related variables that are pushing workers towards intentional turnover are authoritative culture, work related, initiative and interior showcasing related and Human Resource Management (HRM) Related. The discoveries of Kessler and Limor (2014) exhibit a high relationship between's absence of occupation fulfillment and intentional turnover levels. Enthusiastic f actors related with these incorporate duty, reliability, and inspiration. This calls for major authoritative rebuilding (among hey tech firms in Israel) with respect to hierarchical culture if this pattern is to be switched. Let us investigate hierarchical culture and open assistance division. Much the same as benefit making associations, open part, which is a non-benefit making substance but instead suppliers of open utilities additionally, need sound hierarchical societies on the off chance that they are to convey quality administrations. Today, in this worldwide period, running associations is even more unpredictable. There are continually crises of residents needs that have not been there in the past just as recently developing conditions. On the off chance that open organizations are to effectively react to these, Armenakis, Brown, and Mehta (2011) places that they should utilize strategies, systems, and practices that are increasingly proficient. That calls for better hierarchical culture. For quite a while in the open area, perspectives, conduct, and works on containing the components of advancement and business enterprise are experienced as techniques that advocate for change Peterson (2014). The se are regions that executives in the open area need to take a gander at to improve the exhibition of the open division in administration conveyance. There is a requirement for open parts to advance into a structure that is progressively adaptable, compelling and effective. Samson and Richard (2010) additionally present that through fitting administration of assets, new prime examples of conduct and pioneering direction, open specialist co-ops can give better and top notch benefits consequently upgrading the penchant of the network. It is indispensable that adaptability and self-rule in the endeavors of-of activities become a vital part of the open assistance area. It is fundamental that they build up a hierarchical structure and sustain innovative culture as well. This will support them in finding creative solutions for circumstances concentrating on human asset. Such culture as per Karyotakis et al. (2016) should transcend the legalism, formalism, idleness and overspending which is normal for some open elements. This is a certain method to set up structure that will limit formality, yield productive and powerful help conveyance for residents that meets the fulfillment of both the workers and the residents. Armenakis, Brown, and Mehta (2011) likewise propose a social change process whereby objectivity, equity, and development are the focuses to social and political level. Quality, responsibility, straightforwardness, esteem, rules extroversion and direction to results ought to be what describe it. Each represen tative should then display this change. Representatives establish open organization and as such should be dynamic members in the authoritative culture change process. They should epitomize it in their day by day rehearses, radiate it in their mentality and show it in their conduct. The hierarchical culture and the qualities of fruitful film groups give a case of how authoritative culture impacts on the presentation of the association. As per Rashidi, Nadeem, and Zakim (2017), this portion of the amusement part is described by the absolute best models of hierarchical culture. This clarifies why the area is flourishing. The review found that the work environment estimations of the said bunch are facilitative in the accomplishment of people and groups around here. In the event that authoritative culture researchers were to acquire a leaf from the hierarchical profile displayed by the film creation team, numerous associations would perform better. Each association is required to affect the network. It is just conceivable to accomplish if the association will find some kind of harmony between the interests of its partners. This implies investors, shoppers, proprietors, representatives and the administration premiums must be dealt with. As indicated by Schein (2004), one noteworthy contrast between associations that affect society and those whose effect is insignificant is hierarchical culture. It is the thing that adheres to a meaningful boundary between the two. Hierarchical societies are a result of practices and conventions made after some time. They are established by the association's heads and now and again are changed as regarded suitable. Schein (2004) sets that authoritative societies are showed at three levels. One path is through a lot of structures and procedures that are noticeable, customs, dress and services which he calls social antiques. On the other hand a lot of officially created and settled upon arrangement s, methodologies or objectives additionally exist these are called upheld culture. Likewise, basic presumptions, for example, contemplations, desires, and speculations can likewise be a piece of an association's way of life. Hierarchical structure decides the authoritative structure somehow or another. Research has shown that hierarchical culture affects the companys productivity. As indicated by Denison (2010) associations that have a culture of support are more productive than those that are less participative. The effect of hierarchical culture is by all accounts the comparable across benefit making and non-benefit making associations. Peterson (2014) tried to comprehend the worth structure and its bearing on the exhibition of emergency clinic associations. Gregory and his associates found that understanding fulfillment levels were higher in hosp

Can a Company Cut Your Pay or Hours

Can a Company Cut Your Pay or Hours Before starting any job, it is crucial that you know your rights.There is a saying claiming that you either fulfill your dreams, or somebody else’s.This sound quite motivating and encouraging for people who know there is entrepreneurial blood running through their veins, but for those who just dont feel ready to start a business, or simply prefer less stress and choose to work for somebody else, there is a great deal about working hours and payment.Since employees are not the ones who determine how long they will be working or how much they will be paid, it is important that they know their rights and be completely aware of what might happen, so they can be prepared and not suffer great losses.If you are one of the people who is employed in a big company, working for somebody else, this is the perfect article that can help you get familiar with your rights regarding pay or working hours cut.We’ll go through all possible scenarios and teach you how to protect your rights and make the best choice.As unfortunately, in most cases, the company can choose to cut your pay or hours.WHAT EXACTLY DOES THE PAY CUT MEAN?Simply said, a pay cut is employee’s reduced salary, and it can come in many forms.The most obvious one is when employees start receiving less money on the same job they’ve been doing.It is usually explained by employers as a way to deal with difficult times and struggles the company is going through, without having to reduce the number of employees.A notice about pay cut can come quite shocking to the employees, especially if they were expecting a promotion and pay raise.On the contrary, if the pay cut actually happens, it could lead to lowering the obligations at the company and many would consider it as a regression.Employers tend to reduce the amount of the job as they take it to be fair regarding the pay cut, but also as they are trying to reduce total costs of the company and eliminating everything that is unnecessary.On the other hand, a pay cut can be experienced in another way, too.Even though it wouldn’t be felt as hard as the direct pay cut would, not getting the bonus, a raise or any other desired benefit due to financial struggles, is also considered as the pay cut.As mentioned before, it is not harshly felt like the direct pay cut, but can lead to huge dissatisfaction amongst excellent employees that have been expecting the raise or a bonus.IN WHICH SITUATIONS CAN A COMPANY CUT YOUR PAY?The company can choose to cut your pay without any reason.Of course, this doesnt happen just like that and it cant be proceeded without your agreement.The most common reason for a company to cut employees pay is due to financial struggles. However, there can be other reasons the company finds important.No matter what the reason is, one thing is sure â€" you need to be notified about the pay cut.This means that the company management needs to let you know about the pay cut.It usually happens in person, or through a letter or an e -mail, explaining the reason behind the pay cut, % of the cut, expected period of the pay cut duration and actions that will be taken to improve the situation.The most important thing about the notice is the call upon agreement of the lower salary.It is mandatory that the employee agrees on the pay cut, for it to be official.WHAT DOES THE LAW SAY?This is the most important thing.No matter what you or your employer thinks or finds suiting, it is about what the Law says.And if we check the Law about the pay cut, we can find the following:1. A Notice About the Pay CutA pay cut cannot occur without the employee previously being notified about it.2. The Rule of ForwardIf the pay cut happens, it can be applied from that moment on.For everything that you have done in the past, you are allowed to be paid on the last agreed salary.3.  Minimum WageThe salary can be reduced, but not lower than the minimum wage in your state.4.  ContractsIf you are under the individual or union contract, it mig ht be that you are protected from the salary reduction during the period stated in the contract.5.  DiscriminationIf it happens that your pay cut comes on discrimination bases (race, age, sex or any other form), it is your right to demand to be paid fairly and employers obligation to do so.6.  Public PolicyIf you need to take the time off the work due to jury duty, National Guard or similar, you are protected for the pay cut by the Law.7.  RetaliationIf it happens that you report your boss or manager for any form of disturbance or harassment and it results in your pay cut, that is against the Law.WHAT CAN YOU DO IF YOU DONT WANT TO ACCEPT THE PAY CUT?Of course, you can decline the pay cut.Does that mean that you can still keep your job?Well, no. the only other option is to quit.As all employers are aware of this possibility, they are ready to accept the same pay cut themselves, in order to keep all the employees and continue with the work, as it is the only way to break out of the d ifficult situation.If you dont find your new salary rewarding enough, you can choose to say no and quit.Make sure that you have plan B before quitting, and take into consideration how much time would it take you to find a new job where you would be paid as much as you believe that you should.The decision is always up to an employee.Another thing that you could do is speak with your managers and see if there is any other solution.For example, if there are some non-financial benefits that you would find as a compensation for your pay cut, your bosses might agree about that, especially if they find you valuable.But most importantly, they will agree only if it doesn’t slow the company’s strive for recovering.SOME GOOD REASONS YOU SHOULD ACCEPT THE PAY CUTAs you got the notice about the pay cut, your first reaction was probably the shock, and then after that â€" anger.At least, that is how most employees react and we understand why you feel that way.But if you consider accepting the pay cut, and think about the good things that can come out if it, youll realize that this isnt as bad news as you initially thought. 1.  Keeping the JobWhat sounds better to you, being paid less or not being paid at all?For most of the people, its the first option.Although you might find it offensive to be paid less than you deserve, you have to think about how much would you be paid somewhere else, and how much time would it take you to find that somewhere else.Many people dont consider this when deciding and end up being unemployed for longer than a year or starting at the new company with an even lower salary.In the end, if you really want to change the company, you can do it later, after you explore all your options and find a suitable one.2. Changing the JobThis is a bit different situation and it might not happen in the company you are currently working for.For example, if at some period of life you discover that your job is completely unfulfilling and makes your miserable, it might be a good time to start looking for a new one.If you are not completely qualified for the career change, you will probably be offered the lower salary than you were used to.Although the situation is not ideal, it is much easier to replace the lack of money than to make up for the dissatisfaction that reflects on all areas of our lives.3.  ProsperingIt is hard to believe, but agreeing for a pay cut can actually help you progress.How is it even possible?Well, pay cuts come often with a reduced amount of work or even changed the job description.If that happens, it means that you have a possibility to learn new skills and become component in other areas of business.Long term speaking, it can lead to opening new opportunities for you, that wouldnt be possible if it werent for a pay cut.Another good thing is that the company will most probably be thankful to all the employees who chose to stay and will want to reward that the minute they are able to.Also, this could be a great brea k-through for you, if you focus on helping the company to get out of the difficult situation.If it happens that you know what to do to contribute to it, trust me â€" you will become the hero of the company.4.  Work-life BalanceIt feels good to have a great job with an even greater salary, but one must ask themselves â€" is it really worth it?There are many stories about famous and successful people claiming that they are miserable and suffering and that the money they are earning is not a remedy.It might sound ridiculous to you, especially if you are in a place where you are imagining all the things you would do only if you had more money.Hate to burst your bubble, but those things that you are dreaming of do not come from earning more money.Everything you want to do can be done with exact amount you are earning now, even if you were earning less.So accepting the pay cut might not be the worst thing in the world, on the contrary â€" it could help you focus more on your private and s ocial life, especially if the pay cut comes with less working hours.It has been scientifically proven that human beings are social beings and can’t be satisfied with material things only.5.  Reducing StressThe pay cut can come with different job requirements, often easier than you were used to.Sometimes, it can be a good thing, especially if you are not the biggest fan of your work.This can often be seen in higher positions, where managers and other employees are required to do the things they are not proud of, for the good of the company.Getting that promotion and the raise felt amazing, but now as you’ve been in this job for a longer time, you realize that you don’t like it that much.The pay cut can be an excellent opportunity for you to change what you are actually doing.If you are still wondering would you miss your money â€" the answer is probably not.You will be too busy being thankful for peaceful nights and carefree dreams.ANOTHER FORM OF THE PAY CUT: REDUCED HOURSWow, as getting the pay cut in the form of reduced salary wasn’t enough!Exactly, the pay cut might not come regarding the salary directly, but it will initially influence your working hours (which will result in reduced salary).Now you are probably wondering in which situations this can happen and what that actually could mean for you.For the starters, you should know that it depends on whether you are an hourly (nonexempt) employee or a salaried (exempt) employee.1.  An hourly (nonexempt) employee.If you belong to the category of the hourly paid employees, you should know that your employer has complete right to cut off your hours.Good thing is, that they still have to pay you for each hour that you work.Bear in mind that cutting off the working hours does not mean that the amount of your work will be reduced, and that is something you should pay attention to.If you are still getting the same amount of work, it might be that your employer is expecting you to fasten up and be able to complete everything in the less period of time.Sometimes, it might be possible, but make sure that you are not taking your job home and working over there because you will not be paid for it.You can choose to talk with your employer about that (as it is illegal and you have the right to), just make sure to show them how valuable you are to them.They still have a possibility to hire someone new and set the expectations with them so that they finish the job in the estimated time.2.  A salaried (exempt) employee.You are a salaried (exempt) employee if you are being paid equally each week, no matter how much you work (how many hours).However, the fact that your salary doesn’t depend on your working hours, does not mean that it cannot be reduced.Your employer has the right to reduce your working hours per week, which is followed by reducing your salary.Bear in mind that this is possible only if the reduction is consistent for an estimated period of time. In other words, your salary can not change from month to month.It can only be changed if the reduction is unique and you receive each month the same amount of money.Also, you have the right to know for how long this will be the case before accepting the reduced working hours and lower salary.The companies need to follow the rule of reduction that states that they cannot lower your wage beneath the wage minimum.Before accepting the change, make sure you check the hour and wage rate in your State and see if you are being paid fairly, as it is your right.MANDATORY FURLOUGHSWhat would happen if your employer approached you stating that you have to take a day off? How about a week? A month? Or an entire year off? These mandatory furloughs happen often and they are, as the name states, not optional.Simply said, a mandatory furlough is time off work without pay (or in some cases with a partial pay).Even though the time off sounds good and relaxing, the fact that it comes with reduced or no pay does not sound good for the employees.This is another way for a company to save money and retain all employees.What is typical for mandatory furloughs is so-called no work rule.It means that employees arent allowed to work at all, as for everything they do during the furlough, they have to be paid.If your first thoughts after receiving news about the furlough are “Great, now I will use this time to find a new job!”, make sure that your employer actually allows you to look for and start doing a new job while on furlough.These things might even be stated on your hiring contract.Lastly, this might be a good thing for you, as you will have more time to dedicate yourself to the things that matter to you the most.Maybe even figure out whether the current job or the current company still suite your, or is it time to look for something better.WHAT CAN YOU DO IF YOU FIND OUT THAT THE PAY OR WORK HOURS CUT WAS ILLEGAL?We’ve talked about the Law and so far you are probably aware whether the pay or working hours cu t is or was legal.Now we’ll talk about your next steps if it was illegal.If you have found out that it is illegal after you have quit, you can file a complaint to the State Department of Labor.Make sure you collect all facts and present the situation in the best possible way.If you just got a notice about the pay cut and you have realized that is not legal before saying anything, you need to talk with your boss as soon as possible.For the starters, it might be that there was an honest mistake and that actually any laws weren’t broken.Another possibility is that your boss isn’t aware of some Law.In that case, explain the situation and propose an agreement.They will probably agree on it, as they do not want to get the company in even more struggles.Lastly, if it happens that the company intentionally chose the exact pay cut for you and do not want to change their mind, it is time to call the State Department of Labor and ask for their help and protection.WHAT TO DO IF THE COMPAN Y CUTS YOUR PAY OR HOURS?These things can happen quite often.To be prepared, here are some things you can consider doing in such situations.Be proactive and take advantage of the situation. Look for ways to help your company and therefore, help yourself progress and get not even to your regular salary, but even earn a raise or bonus.Adjust yourself as soon as possible to reduced working hours. This means to find something new you will be doing in those hours, as well look for ways to become more efficient at the work so you still complete everything you have to do, even though your working time is reduced.Use mandatory work off smart. Look for new projects or maybe even a new job. Just make sure you aren’t violating anything stated in your hiring contract.Consider working for a smaller company or even starting your own business. You will have more insights (or complete) in finances and have more say about your salary.Trust your instincts. How does this pay cut feel? Is this a bad thing or a good thing? Don’t choose something just because it feels safe or because it’s everyone’s choice. Find what suits you the best in this situation.FINAL WORDWhether you are facing a pay or work hours cut, we know that the feeling is not quite pleasant. This shouldn’t discourage you as there are many possibilities laying in this.Make sure you check all your options and choose what suits you the best.Law can offer you many answers but don’t forget to check your hiring contract, too. If necessary, ask an attorney or somebody from HR department to help you out with understanding your rights.And if it happens that the employer is entirely allowed to cut your pay or working hours, just remember that this kind of things happen and that is not the worst things in the world.Many successful people have fought with this and still found their way to prosper.For example, there is a high chance that your boss or a manager also suffered from pay cut back in the days. And look at him now!Lastly, don’t take it personally. Especially if the pay cut has been applied to all employees.The managers are just trying to do what’s best for the company and in some way looking for a solution so you and your colleagues can keep your jobs.Try to remember everything you like about the company and each time they did something for you.Now it’s your time to be the hero.Remember, the path to greatness isn’t an easy one, but it is definitely the one worth taking!

Impact on Chinas Economy of the Economic Globalization

Impact on Chinas economy of the economic globalization Abstract: As everyone know that no country can avoid to participate the globalization. China has always been trying to follow the trend of globalization, to be part of it, and actively join in it since its opening to the world in 1978. After 23 years in 2001, of hard efforts have been made by lots of people and tremendous negotiations have been undergone for such a long time, China finally got access to the WTO, which marks the most important step of China towards deepening the integration of the Chinese economy into the world economy and therefore going more deeply into the globalization. We should admit that the opportunities and challenges were brought to China by globalization†¦show more content†¦Made in China has become the world economy is an important phenomenon, so that China was awarded the world factory in the title. However, we need to recognize that Chinas current position in what kind of division of labor. Chinas technol ogy really has made tremendous achievements, but China is in the knowledge economy and information economy, in the international industrial transfer, under and in the inflow of foreign capital to become the world factory, China in the international division of labor, after all, the low-level position and the distribution of benefits relative disadvantage status, is still in the low end of the international industrial chain. At present China has become not so much the worlds factory better to say that just be the worlds workshop, because of Chinas major commitment to the process, rather than from technical development to the whole process of marketing. In respect of the manufacturing sector as a whole can see that both the proportion of high-end manufacturing products, or are still in developed countries, China is only since the development of a modern knowledge-based economy, can we say truly realize modernization in order to build a modern economy like a power forward. 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The technologies that the world has come to familiarizeRead MoreChina s Foreign Policy Record967 Words   |  4 PagesThrough examination of China’s foreign policy record, particularly post-Cold War, a better understanding of the distinct approaches a realist theorist and a liberal theorist may have to the same event or policy, can be further explored through the lens of China. In his book, International Politics of the Asia Pacific, Yahuda states, â€Å"It is only since the end of the Cold War that China’s leaders have developed policies that recognize that the future security and prosperity of their country requires

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes arthr- or arthro-

The prefix (arthr- or arthro-) means a joint or any junction between two different parts. Arthritis is a condition characterized by joint inflammation. Words Beginning With:(arthr- or arthro-) Arthralgia (arthr - algia): pain of the joints.  It is a symptom rather than a disease and can result from injury, allergic reaction, infection, or disease. Arthralgia occurs commonly in the joints of the hands, knees, and ankles. Arthrectomy (arthr - ectomy): the surgical excision (cutting out) of a joint. Arthrempyesis (arthr - empyesis): formation of pus in a joint.  It is also known as arthropyosis and occurs when the immune system has difficulty eliminating the source of infection or inflammation. Arthresthesia (arthr - esthesia): sensation in the joints. Arthritides (arthr - itides): plural form of arthritis. Arthritis (arthr - itis): inflammation of the joints.  Symptoms of arthritis include pain, swelling, and joint stiffness. Types of arthritis include gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Lupus can also cause inflammation in joints as well as in a variety of different organs. Arthrosis (arthr - osis): a degenerative joint disease commonly caused by deterioration of the cartilage around a joint. This condition affects people as they age. Arthrotomy (arthr - otomy): a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in a joint for the purpose of examining and repairing it. Arthrocele (arthro - cele): an older medical term that indicates the swelling of a joint. It can also indicate a synovial membrane hernia. Arthroderm (arthro - derm): the outer covering, shell, or exoskeleton of an arthropod. An arthroderm has a number of joints attached to muscle allowing for movement and flexibility. Arthrodesis (arthro - desis): a surgical procedure that involves the fixation of a joint in order to promote the fusion of bone. It is typically used to treat chronic pain. Arthrofibrosis (arthro - fibrosis): the formation of scar tissue due to some trauma or injury within a joint. The scar tissue inhibits overall joint movement. Arthrogram (arthro - gram): X-ray, fluoroscopy, or MRI used to examine the interior of a joint. An arthrogram is used to diagnose problems such as tears in joint tissues. Arthrogryposis (arthro - gryp - osis): a  congenital joint disorder in which a joint or joints lack the normal range of motion and may be stuck in one position. Arthrokinetic (arthro - kinetic): a physiological term of or relating to joint movement. Arthrology (arthro - logy): a branch of anatomy that focuses on the structure and function of the joints. Arthrolysis (arthro - lysis): a type of surgery performed to repair stiff joints. Arthrolysis involves the loosening of joints that have become stiff due to injury or as a result of a disease such as osteoarthritis. As (arthro-) refers to a joint, (-lysis) means to split, cut, loosen, or untie. Arthromere (arthro - mere): any of the body segments of an arthropod or animal with jointed limbs. Arthrometer (arthro - meter): an instrument used to measure the range of motion in a joint. Arthropathy (arthro - pathy): any disease affecting the joints. Such diseases include arthritis and gout. Facet arthropathy occurs in the joints of the spine, enteropathic arthropathy occurs in the colon, and neuropathic arthropathy results from nerve damage associated with diabetes. Arthropod (arthro - pod): animals of the phylum Arthropoda that have a jointed exoskeleton and jointed legs. Among these animals are spiders, lobsters, ticks and other insects. Arthropodan (arthro - podan): of or relating to arthropods. Arthrosclerosis (arthro - scler - osis): a condition characterized by hardening or stiffening of the joints. As we age, joints may harden and become stiff affecting joint stability and flexibility. Arthroscope (arthro - scope):  an endoscope used for examining the inside of a joint. This instrument consists of a thin, narrow tube attached to a fiber optic camera that is inserted into a small incision near a joint. Arthroscopy (arthro - scopy): surgery or procedure which entails using an arthroscope to visualize the interior of a joint. The purpose of the procedure is to examine or treat the joint in question. Arthrospore (arthro - spore): a fungal or algal cell resembling a spore that is produced by segmentation or breaking of the hyphae. These asexual cells are not true spores and similar cells are produced by some bacteria.

Foreign Aid Is Good Free Essays

Foreign aid is economic, technical, or military aid given by one nation to another for purposes of relief and rehabilitation, for economic stabilization, or for mutual defence. Foreign aid is usually granted to developing countries in the third world therefore it is an investment in the future of both countries, but is it an investment that will pay off or is it a loss resources? According to Ranking The Rich â€Å"foreign aid is pragmatic and principled.. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Aid Is Good or any similar topic only for you Order Now . n a globalizing world, rich countries cannot insulate themselves from insecurity† thus, our world contains â€Å"â€Å"global cities†, nations tend to be more closely related to each other than they are to many cities in their home countries† thus, what happens globally also has an impact locally because we all belong to the global community and if an occurrence would happen wealthy countries need to contribute because it has an impact on their own people as well. Foreign aid should be implemented by wealthy countries to help relieve developing countries.An extension of economic assistance could lead to a transfer of resources. â€Å"It benefits the receiving country in two ways. First it enables the people of the recipient nation to consume more than they otherwise could, or to devote more resources to capital investment, or to rearmament, or to any other major goal which claims a part of the output of their economy. Second, a subsidy adds to the foreign excha nge resources of the receiving country. This argument states that the economies of wealthy nations were (and are) being built in part on the impoverishment of third-world nations.This happened over time, through the exploitation of labor and other countries natural resources. Thus, the world’s wealthiest nations are responsible for the impoverishment of many countries and we have a moral duty to correct our wrongdoing. This argument can also be explained in terms of the automobile accident analogy. This analogy draws a distinction between our imperative to help in an accident that we directly caused and our need to help in an accident that we merely observed. In this argument world hunger is seen as an accident that we have directly caused. Fairness is another reason to care. No human being should be denied the chance to live free of poverty and oppression, or to enjoy a basic standard of education and health† But sceptics believe that â€Å"wealth maintained by the exploitation of the innocent throughout the world? Is poverty a natural phenomenon? † It suggests that it is morally wrong to help â€Å"a few† at the expense of imperilling the whole. Wealthy nations/individuals should NOT help impoverished populations of other nations; if they did this, they would be endangering the long term well-being of wealthy nations and families.Though we might save a few today, birth rates will continue to rise, eventually breaking the wealthy financially. â€Å"All people are equal and therefore all suffering in the world should be equal. The school of Utilitarianism states that: 1. Our well being and emotion are not more important than anyone else’s: 2. Our actions should always reflect utility (goodness) – We should always do wha t is best. † In some countries, inadequate education is chiefly helping maintain poverty. In some countries, inadequate medicine is chiefly helping maintain poverty.In some other countries, war or bad government or poverty itself or a mix of reasons is helping maintain poverty for many families. Improving supplies of clean water, to reduce time spent gathering often foul water and reduce illness caused by foul water supplies. Improving the supply of accessible, affordable health care information and services, to reduce the vulnerability to disease of children and the elderly especially. Improving the training and equipment of farmers in poor countries related to agriculture and natural resource management, to help increase crop yields and conserve the environment.Education, healthcare and empowerment of the people are essential elements if  communities  are to flourish and people are to become physically and mentally fit to contribute to the  development  of their  communities. â€Å"The World Bank, the IMF and the G8 wealthy nations should do more to help poor African countries to stand on their feet. They should be helping them with well controlled and supervised programmes set to reduce poverty. They should clear off the debts of countries who cannot afford to pay back their long outstanding debts†Ã¢â‚¬  Farmer organizations need to be established to develop  organized  systems for storing products and elling them to more distant markets.Local grain storage facilities would help farmers and  communities  store excess food that could be sold later at better prices. any child fails to acquire the basic skills needed to function as a productive, responsible member of society, society as a whole—not to mention the individual child—loses. There may be a failure of supply for the reasons laid out above: a government may lack sufficient resources to provide educational services or be administratively incapable of channelling resou rces to the schools that need them. How to cite Foreign Aid Is Good, Papers

The Monopolistic Market Structure-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Explain what kind of Average Revenue curve does a Monopoly Firm Faces and why? 2.What do you understand by Discriminatory Monopoly? Bring out the Conditions that enable the Monopoly firm to charge different prices for its Product in different Markets. Answers: 1.The monopolistic market structure is characterized by a single seller and many buyers, with the seller enjoying absolute market power as the product sold by the seller has no close substitutes. The entry and exit of the market is highly restricted. The average revenue in any market is defined as the total revenue earned by the firms by the units of commodities sold. Thus, the average revenue curve can also be defined as the curve showing the revenue per unit of the firms. In case of a monopoly firm, the average revenue curve is a downward sloping curve, which decreases with the increase in the units of the commodities (Rader 2014). This can be shown with the help of the following figure: Figure 1: Average Revenue Curve in Monopoly Market (Source: As created by the author) As can be seen from the above figure, the average revenue curve, in case of a monopoly firm, is the price charged by the monopolist per unit of the commodity or service sold by him, which makes the AR curve similar to the demand curve for the monopolist itself. This is because the monopolist captures the whole of the market at any given level of output. Therefore, to increase the number of units of their goods, which they want to sell, the monopolists have to reduce their price as to attract new customers they need to capture that clientele who have not already bought the concerned commodity. Thus, the average revenue curve or the demand curve in case of a monopolist is downward sloping (Ekelund Jr and Hbert 2013). 2.The monopoly market structure, consisting of one seller and many buyers, allow the sellers to enjoy full market power and price-decisive capabilities. Often this capability leads to an economic phenomenon, which is known as discriminating monopoly. The discriminating behavior is the practice of usually the monopolists to charge different prices from different consumers, depending upon their willingness to pay for the product. In Discriminating Monopoly, the same producer charges higher prices from a sector of his or her clientele and comparatively lower prices from another sector for a commodity whose cost of production is uniform for the producer. The degrees of discrimination, however, vary according to the discriminating power of the monopolists and the nature of demands of the consumer (Solomon, Russell-Bennett and Previte 2012). Figure 2: Price discrimination in monopoly market (Source: As created by the author) As can be seen from the above diagram, the monopolist can charge higher price for the same product in Market A, than in Market B, as in market A, the demand is more inelastic as compared to Market B. This helps the monopolists to increase their revenue. Conditions for Discriminating Monopoly There are several conditions under which the monopolists, which are as follows, can do price discrimination: a) There should be differences in the price elasticity of demand of the consumers in different markets. b) The markets should be geographically distant or there should be at least difference of time. c) The possibility of arbitrage (the tendency of a group of individuals to buy from a place of cheaper price and to sell at a place with higher demand and higher price) should be absent between the markets (Dixon et al. 2012) References Dixon, P.B., Bowles, S., Kendrick, D., Taylor, L. and Roberts, M., 2012.Notes and problems in microeconomic theory(Vol. 15). Elsevier. Ekelund Jr, R.B. and Hbert, R.F., 2013.A history of economic theory and method. Waveland Press. Rader, T., 2014.Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2012.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU

The fall of the Roman Empire an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The fall of the Roman Empire The fall of the Roman Empire was the subject of countless studies and debates. Culling from these numerous views, here are three major possible causes. From these, it could be said that the decline of the Roman Empire was due to combinations and synthesis of multifarious causes. Need essay sample on "The fall of the Roman Empire" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The first possible cause was- The Autocratic Roman system of government became outmoded with the times. Imperial Rome, Imperial China, Imperial Russia, Imperial Japan and others, with similar form of governments, faded into history; and were replaced by more liberal systems. These empires and dynasties declined and fall, confirming the principle that nothing lasts forever (Law of Change). Like any technology, its use and importance were superseded by more advance technologies. The second possible cause was-. Some say Rome fell when it was split into an eastern and western empires, and ruled by separate emperors. The eastern half became the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. The western half remained centered in Italy. Many said that the fall was an ongoing process, lasting for more than a century. Our Customers Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: Who wants to write paper for me? Essay writer professionals advise: Essaylab.Com Can Provide You With The Winning Academic Essay Edward Gibbon, placed the blame on a loss of civic virtue among the Roman citizens. They gradually entrusted the role of defending the Empire to barbarian mercenaries, who eventually turned on them. Gibbon considered that Christianity had contributed to this, making the populace less interested in the worldly here-and-now, and more willing to wait for the rewards of heaven. "[T]he decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. Adrian Goldsworthy, a British military historian, sees the causes of the collapse of the Roman Empire, not in any decadence in the make-up of the Roman legions, but in a combination of endless civil wars, between factions of the Roman Army fighting for control of the Empire. This inevitably weakened the army and the society upon which it depended, making it less able to defend itself, against the growing of numbers of Rome's enemies. The army still remained a superior fighting instrument than its opponents, both civilized and barabarian. But, says Goldsworthy, "Weakening central authority social and economic problems and, most of all, the continuing grind of civil wars eroded the political capacity to maintain the army at this level. The third possible cause was- The French historian Lucien Musset, argues the civilization of Medieval Europe emerged from a synthesis between the Graeco-Roman world and the Germanic civilizations penetrating the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire did not fall, and did not decline, it just transformed, but so did the Germanic populations which invaded it. Remnants of the Great Roman Empire still exist today. Their influence are still felt and are still in use. Some of these blended with the modern ways. The Roman Empire never did fall, it was just transformed into a supporting role. We still have the Roman aphabet, Roman calendar, Roman language, Roman ethical and moral principles, and some Roman government procedural matters- and many more. References: Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Complete Roman Army. Thames & Hudson 2003. Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, New York, NY" Oxford University Press, 2006 www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gibbon-fall.html

Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essays

Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essays Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essay Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essay but it helps the reader learn from the character ( s ) . It takes a batch of bravery to let go of the familiar and apparently procure, to encompass the new. But there is no existent security in what is no longer meaningful. There is more security in the adventuresome and exciting, for in motion there is life, and in alteration there is power ( Alan Cohen ) . This quotation mark relates to this in a manner that it is stating that people should larn to accommodate to alter. Cisneros was demoing this throughout the whole book in Esperanza s life because she showed how Esperanza went through this but in different ways. This quotation mark besides symbolizes this because of how Esperanza changed friends because she taught that Sally understood her more than her two friends she had earlier. This is because she was acquiring used to the thought she truly had friends, but she seemingly got tired of them in her ain small manner. Thi s friendly relationship did non last long because she taught she had the perfect friend, but it turned out to be a bad relation between the two. One ground for this was because they were likewise, but Esperanza still was non certain who she was. Cisneros besides showed civilization in this novel. She did this to place the sort of people that lived on Mango Street since it was a portion where there were racial segregations. She largely focused on the Mexican portion of Esperanza. She showed civilization through the names of the characters. Through the names, Cisneros shows what Esperanza believes in, which is a good manner to convey out her civilization to specify herself. The Eskimos got 30 names for snow, I say ( Cisneros, 35 ) , which identifies that the more names a individual has or is giving, the more of import he/she is to that individual, which is the household. The names were truly of import to depict Esperanza s character because at the get downing she talked about the significances of her name, and she said that she was traveling to alter her name. Name callings represented who the individual was and because of this, Esperanza wanted to alter her name. Cisneros used this to clear up how Esperanza wanted to specif y herself as. She showed that Esperanza was still calculating out who she was traveling to be in the terminal. Another manner Esperanza was able to stand out was with the places. She loved places and to her they represented womenhood because it made her think of sex and her hunt for independency. The writer showed how Esperanza wanted to be free since they moved to their new place. Independence was what kept her in Mango Street because she wanted to larn from her experiences she had in Mango Street and turn them to her advantage until she is able to eventually travel her ain manner. For illustration, as she was turning up in Mango Street, Cisneros showed that she began believing different about many things. Esperanza non merely grew mentally but physically excessively. This led to her believing about male childs and many other things. Cisneros used this to place how all her experiences led her to happen herself. It made a way for Esperanza to follow on her manner to independence. Ci sneros besides showed how people change as they grow up. For illustration, when Esperanza started to speak to Sally, she wanted to be her friend because Sally understood her better than her two friends. This was besides because Sally had sexual experience that Esperanza hardly started to happen out approximately. Cisneros described every procedure a adolescent takes when turning up so the reader can understand how difficult it is to happen one s true ego. This was able to demo that every teenage miss has adversities when turning up specially in a vicinity like in Mango Street. At the terminal of the novel Cisneros showed how Esperanza was get downing to happen herself. I like to state narratives. I tell them inside my caput. I tell them after the postman says, Here s your mail. Here s your mail he said. I like to state narratives. I am traveling to state you a narrative about a miss who did nt desire to belong ( Cisneros, 109 ) . This is where she found who she truly was and what was her intent in life. This quotation mark explains how towards the terminal to the book Esperanza eventually began to calculate out herself. Cisneros did this in a manner that was sort of a verse form towards the terminal to stress it because it was the most of import portion of the book. It was a immense displacement because of how much Esperanza matured throughout the whole novel. By Esperanza being able to eventually place herself as a narrative Teller, Cisneros was able to stop the narrative by stating, Where did she travel with all those books and paper? Why did she proc ess so far off? They will non cognize I have gone off to come back. For the 1s who can non out ( Cisneros, 110 ) , which describes how Cisneros wanted the reader to cognize that it was clip for Esperanza to go forth Mango Street and be who she was meant to be. In the quotation mark it besides shows how Esperanza still used fragments in her sentences. Cisneros did this to demo that she still had some maturing to make before go forthing. This is why she stayed after so she can complete her school because she was non ready to go forth Mango, but when she felt strong and ready to go forth ; she was traveling to make it. Because of this, Esperanza was able to demo her true strength by remaining in Mango Street until she was to the full grown in Mango Street. Cisneros besides showed how her go forthing Mango Street was traveling to alter her whole vicinity specially does who doubted her because she was traveling to be a author to show what she neer did in her whole life. We do non turn perfectly, chronologically. We grow sometimes in one dimension, and non in another ; unevenly. We grow partly. We are comparative. We are mature in one kingdom, childish in another. The past, present, and future mingle and draw us rearward, frontward, or repair us in the present. We are made up of beds, cells, configurations ( Anais Nin ) . This quotation mark stated by Nin establishes how Esperanza grew throughout the whole book. It shows how her growing was small by small as she was sing different material. Cisneros was able to demo this through her authorship manner and imagination. She was able to set up a connexion between her and the character in a manner that she made the character happen her true ego by composing. Cisneros was reasonably close to Esperanza make to the fact that they both write to show themselves in a manner that entertain people. Cisneros alone composing led to make and astonishing character to demo how a adolescent miss larn how to place her true ego and make her maximal possible through storytelling and composing. Cisneros was able to portray different subjects to learn the reader how one can larn to accommodate to whatever alteration they are traveling through. Her composing gave the narrative the perfect significance for us the readers to to the full understand her astonishing work.

Consumer Behaviour Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Behaviour Report - Case Study Example However, the Australian Red Cross Blood Service has found that the youth are usually reluctant to donate blood for a variety of reasons (Australian Red Cross Service, 2007). This organization also found that most Generation Y members, who, at present, make up the youth and young adult population, are not likely to donate blood unless they receive some type of benefit for their assistance (Russell-Bennett, Hartel, Russell, & Previte, 2012). The Australian Red Cross Blood Service faces several challenges in ensuring that there are adequate supplies in blood banks. There is a need to inform Australians of the need to donate blood on a regular basis, but is forbidden from using the mass media to bear this message to the public. Literature Review In general, people today are less likely to make altruistic contributions to the betterment of society. Most people feel irritated when confronted by people seeking for money or other physical goods. The donation of blood calls for a person to do more than the mere donation of money (Kottasz, 2004). This is why blood donations are perceived in a different way from money donations. People tend to donate money more often than they donate blood. This is because consumers have different perceptions about the entire process of blood donation (France, France & Himawan, 2007). It has been established by researchers that the positive response of consumers when approached to donate blood is mainly dependent on the importance of the donation, how the consumers perceive the organization in charge of the blood donation exercise, and the consumers’ ideals or values as far as altruism is concerned. Researchers have also found that consumers who experience a feeling of empowerment or satisfaction at donating blood were also more likely to make other blood donations in future (Tscheulin & Lindenmeier, 2005). This trait was also found among the volunteers who gave of their time to assist in blood donation activities. It can therefore be said that blood donating behavior is mainly influenced by a citizen’s social values, perception of the charity establishment conducting the exercise, and the urgency of situation. In order to influence Australian citizens, the Australian Red Cross Blood Service has to use these principles to inspire more blood donation. This is particularly important because the amount in blood reserves is always subject to constant change. Organizations such as the Australian Red Cross Blood Service constantly have to increase their supplies due to changes that take place in the general society. For instance, Australia has an aging population that keeps growing. Also, the rise in the number of ooportunistic infections that are reported as well as age related illnesses make increased demands on the existing blood supplies. The emergence of new medical technologies that takes place every year also means that medical costs will escalate. The Australian government has to find ways of support ing organizations such as the Australian Red Cross Blood Service in efforts to increase the number of regular blood donors in spite of these additional costs in healthcare. In the recent past, numerous blood services organizations across the world have started

Lab Report Of An Experiment To Find Out the Example of Passive Essay

Lab Report Of An Experiment To Find Out the Example of Passive Transport Processes in Cells - Essay Example Present lab report would focus on the example of the passive transport in cells. A cell membrane is one of the most important parts of a cell. It is the outer layer that covers the cells of animals including man. This membrane is described as selectively permeable - a factor that contributes to its ability to control the substances that will pass across it into or out of the cell. This unique characteristic of the cell membrane makes it suitable for the processes involved in passive transport (Rondell, & DaufiÃÅ', 2007). Passive transport is an important process that occurs across this membrane and involves the movement of substances in and out of the cell without using any energy. This movement is facilitated entirely by the molecules’ inherent kinetic energy (Raber, 2000). Examples of passive transport processes include osmosis and diffusion. In this report, I consider an experiment carried out in a laboratory to demonstrate the process of osmosis is it occurs in across the cell membrane. Definition of terms Hypotonic solution- this refers to a situation where the solute molecules concentration outside the cell is lower when compared to the concentration of solutes molecules within the cell. Hypertonic solution- solute molecules concentration outside the cell is higher when compared to the solute molecule concentration within the cell. Isotonic- a situation where the solute molecules concentration within and outside the cell is equal.... Fasten one of its ends to create a bag. Rub the other end between your fingers to separate the edges and cause it to open. 2) Put 15ml of the 1% starch and 15% glucose solution in the bag. Fasten off the remaining open end, making an allowance for the content expansion. Document the weight and color of the solution at the beginning of the experiment in a data table. 3) Take the glucose test strip and use it to investigate the presence of glucose in the 1% starch 15% glucose solution. Use the data table to record your finding. 4) Take a 250ml beaker, fill it with distilled water, and add about 4 ml Logol’s solution then use the data table to record the resultant color of the solution. Analyze the solution to find the presence of glucose and record the findings in the data table. 5) Submerge the bag into the solution in the beaker. 6) Give the set-up a period of about 30 minutes to settle or until color change in the beaker or the bag is evident. Document the last color of the s olution within the bag, and the color of the solution within the beaker in the data table. Take note of the bag final Weight and document it to in the data table. 7) Use the test tape to analyze the solution in the bag and the one in the beaker for glucose presence and record the findings in the data table. Data table ITEM INITIAL CONTENT INITIAL COLOR INITIAL MASS FINALCONTENT FINAL COLOR FINAL MASS Dialysis bag-(1st experiment) Starch/glucose solution white 30g Starch /glucose solution purple 34g Beaker – (1st experiment ) H2O/Iodine Yellow H2O/Iodine/glucose yellow Dialysis bag-(2nd experiment) Starch/glucose solution Milky white 24g Starch /glucose solution Blue-purple 26g Beaker – (2nd experiment H2O/Iodine

Learning organisation as a realistic model

Learning organisation as a realistic model The learning and functioning in workplace carries a foremost responsibility to establish a constant learning for the organization. Learning organisation is one of the most significant forms of organisation used in present to shape the future for the success (Belasen 2000). In this type of organisation, learning is a base which assists in the development of most effective career plans and individual skills towards the path selected. In present, most of the organisations are trying to convert themselves in a learning organisation so that it can attain significant benefits related to learning organisation (Coffield 1998). Here, in this report the concept of learning organisation is discussed so that it can be identified that is the learning organization a useful or realistic model at the workplace. It is done in reference to a learning organisation that is IBM. Learning Organisation Learning Organization refers to an organisation in which employees at all levels, separately and conjointly, are incessantly growing their capability to bring forth results they truly care about (Nagwekar n.d.). It is not just the most appealing or existing management trend but it can also furnish organisations with work environment that open and flexible to innovative ideas. It also involves the concepts that provide solutions to continuous work-related troubles that are available among all its employees (Svensson, Randle Bennich 2009). It assists individuals with an ability to strengthen their knowledge base, which gives them with an ability to think significantly and ingeniously. Additionally, it also facilitates workplace individuals with an ability to communicate thoughts and conceptions, and the talent to collaborate with other individuals throughout the procedure of interrogation and action (Belasen 2000). A learning organisation try to create its own future by assuming that learning is a continuous and inventive procedure for its people (Rainbird, Fuller Munro 2004). The learning workplace directs individuals towards a development, adaptation and transformation of themselves in reaction to needs of organisation and as well as customers. It allows employees to work freely so that they can learn and express their ideas and problems and in turn can contribute towards the development of an improved work place (Nagwekar n.d.). This environment also assists individuals in shifting from the conventional authoritarian workplace philosophy to one in which the organisational hierarchy is broken down, and human potency is acclaimed (Coffield 1998). This type of working environment foster a culture in which individuals believe in creating results that they actually want and where they can learn that how they all can learn together for the advancement of all inclusive organisation. This type of organisation furnishes people with reaction to the competencies that is essential for every individual to attain success in its own field (Gould Baldwin 2004). The learning can be increased with the help of different learning approaches like training, rotational experiences, coaching, work-related education, electronic-system learning, and with the help of several other learning-oriented interventions (Lassey 1998). Today most of the organisations are trying to attain benefits of learning organisation as they feel that it is a realistic model but it is not the situation as it is much useful rather realistic (Nagwekar n.d.). An organisation become learning organisation with its own efforts and practices that if not undertaken accurately will not direct towards the creation of a learning organisation. In this type of organisation it is essential to make use of appropriate training programs that may vary according to the needs of specific organisation and its individuals (Belasen 2000). All aspects related to becoming a learning organisation need to be undertaken carefully as otherwise it would not be possible for a firm to use it for its own benefit. If it used effectively can assist a firm with several advantages and abilities to deal with existing challenges related to business, management of internal environment, employees commitment towards learning and working in the direction of organisational goals (Pun Balkissoon 2011). Throughout studies and evaluations, it is identified that there are some disciplines which must be mastered by an organisation if it wants to introduce a useful learning organisation that are as follows: Systems Thinking For becoming a learning organisation, it is essential that the firm develops and ability to envision the big picture and to make out patterns rather than conceptualizing change as obscure events (Belasen 2000). Additionally, there is also a need to think by interconnecting to the whole so that it can become easy to identify that how it operates and what actions can create troubles. Personal Mastery It commences by becoming devoted to lifetime learning and it is the key element of a learning organization (Nagwekar n.d.). Building Shared Visions For creating a learning organisation organisations need to develop a genuine or shared vision that evokes commitment in good and as well as in bad situations and has the potential to unite an organization. Mental Models Managing mental models is also vital as they can obstruct new and prevailing penetrations and organizational practices from being carried out. Until or unless there is no realization and a concentration to openness it is not possible to implement real change. Team Learning It is also critical as almost all modern organisations in present are operating on the basis of team work. It means that if a firms team members do not come together and learn it cannot become a learning organisation (Nagwekar n.d.). The concept of learning organisation is quite useful as it does not only allow firms senior managers to do all thinking but it also appropriates all individuals at all levels to think in regard to the entire organisation. It facilitates all employees to make use of their inner potential with a hope that they can also build something distinctive or unique for their firm. Benefits of Learning Organisation How learning organisation is useful at the work place can be understood with the help of discussion of its benefits to a firm. The benefits of learning organisation started appearing with the realization of its importance. It is helpful for dealing with different types of challenges that are as follows: Rapid Change: In present competitive environment change is occurring rapidly in all workplaces that in turn forces agencies to quickly adapt work procedures. Development of a learning organisation furnishes organisations with an opportunity to learn through adapting change and other pertinent issues (Belasen 2000). Eroding Knowledge Bases: The current attrition of Federal employees, awaited retirements decreases-in-force are inducing on-going damage to the organizational knowledge bases. This can be resolved with the help of a learning organisation that assist in furthering information exchange and tap expertise from all level employees (Murphy Willmott 2010). As well, it also makes use of technology to support and strengthen information exchange that in turn assists in resolving employees queries and issues. Shifting Focus: Focus of federal agencies is altering from a duty of ensuring compliance to serving customers effectively that also creates different challenges. The creation of a learning organisation will ensure a strategic alignment between customers needs preferences, individual learning, organisational aims, and resource distributions (Coffield 1998). Attainment of strategic alliance is very important as without this it is not possible for a firm to attain its aims and it can be done effectively with the help of development of a learning organisation. Limited Training Resources: The companies overall training budgets are decreasing day-by-day whereas employees also have less time to attend formal training sessions. This affects their growth and as well as company growth. With the help of a learning organisation at workplace, a company can make use of different alternative strategies that may easily incorporate learning into the workplace (Gould Baldwin 2004). These alternative methods are low in cost and are much more effective to furnish a company with all essential training needs of its employees. Evolving Roles of Supervisors: With the increasing diversity in organisations supervisors roles are evolving with an increasing responsibility. Now, supervisors are not only accountable for playing traditional human resource functions as they are also responsible for managing each and every aspect of business and its employees (Belasen 2000). With the development of learning organisation supervisors roles has become much more easy as in this they work as teachers and each employees is empowered to be accountable for their own learning. Management of all the above discussed challenges can be done effectively with the help of a learning organisation. The benefits of learning organisation evidenced that how it is useful in a workplace in regard to management of different aspects and as well as employees continuous learning (Wang Ahmed 2003). Learning Organisation as a Useful Model at Workplace Learning organisation is quite useful model at workplace as it allows a firm with several advantages related to attaining superior performance, improvement in quality, concentrating on customers, for attaining competitive advantage, to manage change, develop committed workforce, and for recognizing assured success and growth (Serra 2009). How a learning organisation work as a useful model at workplace can be understood with the discussion of IBM that makes significant use of learning for attaining above discussed advantages. At IBM, learning is a strategic facilitator of change. It works as an essential tool that helps it in affirming its new go-aheads, re-skills its manpower and appropriates it to handle key market changes and organizational alterations. Its use of learning helps it in developing a learning organisation that in turn works as a useful model at its workplace. IBMs commitment towards learning can be evidenced by its US$750 million annual spending for different learning initiatives (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). This annual spending of IBM is done with a belief that learning organisation enhances its productivity, endows employees and teams to innovate, empowers development of employee potential, and expands organizational knowledge to providers, co-operators and customers. In addition to developing a learning organisation, IBM has also adopted a repetitive procedure of learning transformation that helped it in attaining a leadership in learning. The continuous learning and leadership in organisational learning has enabled IBM to win and continuously grow in present competitive environment. The company success as a learning organisation can also be understood with its efforts towards enhancing learning. IBM operates with a belief of learning anywhere, anytime and on demand. Employees of IBM spend an approximate 17 million hours each year (around 55 hours per employee) in different formal training programs that may be conducted online or in a traditional classroom (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). Previously learning was given through traditional classrooms but now it is mostly conducted online (Belasen 2000). Another substantial belief that helped IBM is its link up of learning with employee retention. Its appropriate learning to its employees assist it in retaining its employees that is most significant issue in present competitive era (Furnham 2005). The continuous learning also assist the company in saving significant costs related to new employees training costs. Being a learning organisation, IBM respects the role that learning plays in attaining organisational effectiveness (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). All efforts of IBM towards becoming a learning organisation or using it as a useful model assist it with several advantages related to organisation, people, technology and knowledge that are as follows: Organization: By making use of leadership organisation as a useful model at its workplace, IBM has become able to attain organisational effectiveness. The company learning strategy facilitates it in attaining its vision. It has also helped the company in developing a leadership that is devoted to the significance of learning and believes in distinctly communicating learning that is essential for organisational success (Serra 2009). Development of appropriate leadership assists employees in identifying the needs, intends and chances for learning. Implying a learning organisation at workplace also helps IBM leaders in creating and maintaining a supportive learning culture for their team members that in turn motivates them towards working at their utmost potential. Continuous learning also helps IBM in making use of effective communication systems that alleviate the lateral information transfer and facts throughout all levels of organisation (Furnham 2005). The continuous learning arouses creativity and brings forth new penetrations and innovative practices at IBM. People: Being a learning organisation, IBM has become able to hire people who are significantly interested in their work and vigorously replicate on their experience. The intense learning had allowed its employees to make use of their understanding and take different initiatives to contribute towards knowledge management (Serra 2009). The different online and traditional learning programs have facilitated IBM with the development of employees as reflective practitioners. By working in a learning organisation all employees of IBM become able to grow their strengths and maximize their learning by getting involved into different learning programs. It also assists the company in creating an environment in which everyone work with cooperation and collaboration so that everyones learning towards working in a much more effective way can be enhanced (Chich-Jen 2011). Knowledge: Another substantial field in which it is beneficial to make use of learning is knowledge. For every learning organisation it is a critical asset as learning is the product of knowledge and its origin (Caldwell 2006). Development of a learning organisation enables an organisation to understand that how it can attain knowledge. Establishing learning organisation at workplace enables knowledge creation through individual to collective approach (Serra 2009). IBM being a learning organisation provides substantial opportunities for company knowledge to be developed and shared with others through social contact and approach to documentation. IBM employees are aware that how they can put specific knowledge in all essential systems for knowledge management (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). All these information and knowledge is not possible if a firm is not a learning organisation. Technology: Another substantial field supported by learning is a firms technology. When a firm, become learning organisation it become able to harness the significance of advanced information and communication technologies. Without having knowledge and empowerment in these technologies it is not possible for a firm to attain its objectives related to knowledge management and learning (Serra 2009). IBM as a learning organisation makes an effective use of information and communication technologies that in turn assist in strengthening its organizational identity, establishing and maintaining learning communities, keep everyone informed and aware of all essential corporate evolutions (Chich-Jen 2011). Additionally, continuous learning at workplace also helps IBM in creating unbelievable and associative linkups between people that in turn furnish access to their creative knowledge and thoughts. It also encourages innovation and originality by sharing and developing a practice of learning from others effective practices (Serra 2009). IBM being a learning organisation provides different opportunities to its employees to learn that how they can make an effective use of advanced information and communication technologies to enhance their knowledge and leaning (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). All the above discussed fields evidence that how IBM is able to use learning at its workplace by continuously investing in learning. The role of learning in IBM can be understood with its importance from last 90 years. From last 90 years, learning is playing a substantial role in driving IBM towards success (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). On the basis of its unified and lined up approach, IBM has furthered and are constantly maintaining effective learning programs for its employees, professional and administrator development. In the year 1915, after four years of IBM incorporation, it established a distinct IBM education department for training and developing all of its employees. Subsequently it was used formally on all its product lines so that employees can be instructed regularly and works effectively by increasing their learning towards their roles and company products and services (John 2002). Afterwards it offered a formal customer education following an IBM Management Development Program. For making employees more effective towards reacting customer requests and queries, the company started an IBM Customer Education Program that shows the company dedication to become a learning organisation (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). All these company management initiatives towards increasing employees learning significantly assist it in developing employees that are highly dedicated towards organisational goals and making innovations with the help of their creative thoughts and maximized sharing (OKeeffe 2002). The learning commenced in its beginning has now enabled company and its employees to operate by considering its future. IBMs focus on learning organisation was significantly useful for it as it assisted it in transforming itself from a hardware company to a recognized service-driven company. This change at company necessitated reorganization and re-skilling of its employees that became easy with the help of continuous learning (Aktharsha Anisa 2011). With learning, it became easy for IBM to align its employees in accordance to its new business models as its employees were dedicated and was ready to change their approach so that business opportunities available to company can be optimized. Throughout their past efforts, IBM has become able to develop dedicated employees and now it has been concentrating on the development of core-competencies and job-related abilities and skills. For improving its employees job-related competencies, the company learning programs target five strategic aspects that are sales, employee development, leadership and management, IT training and training to support business partnerships (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). For developing effective learning programs, the company also employed a learning governance model that helped IBM in setting its learning priorities. The company learning governance model is structured in a way that assures maximum effectiveness of IBMs learning investment. IBMs learning governance model is structured to ensure maximum effectiveness for our learning investment. For developing a learning organisation at workplace IBM governance complies with different aspects like every learning intervention should be integrated and implemented in regard to IBM strategy (Dierkes, Antal, Child Nonaka 2003). Additionally, its focus was on implementing a disciplined approach to enterprise wide learning so that more and more benefits related to organisation, people, technology and knowledge can be attained (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). All these company initiatives towards becoming a learning organisation significantly helped it in attaining all business related objectives. The company success is due to its integrated learning approach. The company management operates with a belief that individual learn in different patterns and on this belief IBM tried to use different educational approaches for increasing its employees learning. The integrated learning approach includes interactive, web-based, collaborative and face-to-face learning (Aktharsha Anisa 2011). Among these the most appropriate method suited to a group can be selected according to their own skills and requirements. Another effort in this direction done by IBM is the development of the IBM Learning Investment Council. For increasing learning at IBM, first of all the employees performance reports and other available reference materials are used that are usually web-based. This appropriates online transfer of information and also provides an access to individual to the material that is pertinent to their job and needs (IBMs learning transformation story 2004). It allows employees to learn at their own pace that in turn create interest among them and motivates them to learn according to their own suitability and abilities (John 2002). In addition to this, learning is also created from interaction, simulation or games that motivated individuals to contribute on real-life situations and endows them with an ability to practice specific competencies at their own speed (OKeeffe 2002). Another significant approach used at IBM for increasing learning is collaborative learning and class-room learning. The approach of IBM towards learning from its initiatives has significantly assisted in it transforming its history that was not possible without its timely learning initiatives (Dierkes, Antal, Child Nonaka 2003). From beginning, the company management was aware with the usefulness of organisational learning at workplace and this is the reason they tried to implement it by undertaking different efforts. The company motivated all its employees to focus on continuous learning so that their skills and abilities can be strengthened (Curado 2006). It was done with a realisation of learnings importance and its usefulness for a firm in the direction of attaining all its pre-determined business goals. With the realization of learnings importance IBM tried to integrate it with its business strategies so that all its efforts can be directed with continuous learning that in turn can provide its employees with an advantage to increase their abilities and skills from time-to-time or according to changes in market and customer needs. Conclusion With the help of above discussion of learning organisation, its benefits and use of learning by IBM it can be said that learning is a useful model for an organisation. Without learning it is not possible for a firm to develop its employees with all essential job-related competencies. Organisation learning at workplace encourages employees to strengthen their skills that in turn direct them towards performing their duties in a much more effective manner (OKeeffe 2002). The success of IBM demonstrates how important and useful organisational learning is at workplace if implemented appropriately. IBM learning initiatives evidences its importance and how it assisted it in transforming its image (Rae 2008). In present competitive environment organisational learning is highly useful as it assist organisations with an ability to develop its employees competencies and skills in accordance to their own requirements related to attaining business aims and objectives.

New York Times v. Sullivan Essay

Introduction Communication refers to the exchange of ideas or information between two or more people. Information composes of voice (e.g. telephone, handy talky etc), data (short message services/SMS, facsimile etc), and video (video streaming, video conference etc). Although the types of information are still the same, their importance always gets stronger eventually. Information is the root of actions and becomes more important in this information age. This is because its importance has even doubled, tripled, or even infinite as people in this age understand the necessities to learn about incidences in other part of the world and become more knowledgeable to use appropriate information for their advantages. As the sense of knowing give reasons and confidence to act towards issues, information, if delivered truthfully, can be the instruments of great deeds. In contrast if the information is manipulated it will lead people to disastrous wrongful acts. Televisions, newspapers, magazines, radios and the internet are now becoming main sources of public information where we can find out what happened in the world. The media, therefore, have been noteworthy sources of information although it faces great challenges since readers now seriously question about the truth of information presented in the media. Readers think that most of media tend to create public opinion that the sources want, driven by their political concerns. This is true since politic, in its nature, is capable to influence and control everyone’s life and lifestyles, and has always in the spotlight. As society gets wiser, attention on politics has never been this scrutiny. With very powerful people or party played their hands in it, politics has been one of the strongest reasons why the role of media as a trustworthy messenger is questioned. In line with the idea, Lynden Johnson says†reporters are puppet, they simply respond to the pull of the most powerful strings.† In this paper, we will discuss the role of media in setting the political agenda. We take into account the 1964’s case â€Å"New York Times vs. Sullivan† in describing the topic. Prior to the discussion, we will develop the idea of media power, and the framing, priming, and agenda setting. New York Times vs. Sullivan Fact Back to the 1964 where the feud between New York Times and Sullivan existed, we witnessed that the case has gradually changed the maneuver of U.S. newspapers. Nowadays, we witness that U.S. media are paying a great attention on Paris Hilton than on Capitol Hill. The reason is that today’s media are less concerned to expose the misdeeds and motivations of powerful people or public officials. According to Goldman (2004), the case of New York Times v. Sullivan begun when New York Times published a full-page ad that suspected the arrest of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. for perjury in Alabama was part of a concerted effort to tear down King’s efforts to integrate public facilities and encourage blacks to vote. The ad soon arouses the ire of a public official named L. B. Sullivan, the Montgomery city commissioner. The commissioner then filed a libel action against the Times and brought four black ministers who supported the ad into the court for claiming that the allegations against the Montgomery police defamed him personally (Goldman). Under the auspices of the Alabama law, Sullivan finally won the case and received $500,000. This was happened since under the state’s law Sullivan did not even have to prove that he had been harmed. In contrast, Times’ defense saying the ad was invalid since the ad contained factual errors (Goldman). 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning from the case of New York Times v. Sullivan The decision of the Court that favored Sullivan was based on the First Amendment, which â€Å"protects the publication of all statements, even false ones, about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity† (Goldman). Furthermore, Goldman explains the new ruling, in effect to this day, says â€Å"it is not enough for a plaintiff to show that a printed or televised account is false and defamatory. Under such circumstances, the plaintiff needs to show that the media has reported erroneous and recklessly ignoring facts. The actual malice rule at a minimum encourages newspapers to take risks defaming people they otherwise would not take. The new ruling makes media to have the best defense when dealing with sue by a public figure. He adds that such defense would make it very difficult to sue newspapers and television stations even if they got an entire story wrong. Unfortunately, the case of Times vs. Sullivan have driven the press a little more arrogant than it needs to be when covering politicians or public figures. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How Powerful Is Media? Mc Combs and Shaw in their book the Emergence of American Political Issue, state that today’s media have the powerful function to organize how the world looks for us. They might not successfully control our minds, but they are undeniably capable to â€Å"direct† our everyday thoughts. In similar tone, Shanto Iyengar and Donald Kinder in his book News That Matters, says that by paying attention to one issue and neglecting others, television is able to decide what American believed to be the most important issue to think about. For instance, Israel – Palestinian lifetime conflict has been America’s most important concerns in 2003, and judging from the nature of the issue (e.g. atrocities, suicide bombing, etc), it is newsworthy, but as the media turn their focus to the Iraq war, Schwarzenegger’s governor election and the California Wildfires, the Israel-Palestinian issue is somehow diminished, although the debacle is not even approaching a win-win solution (â€Å"Anti Propaganda Watch†). Framing, Priming and Agenda Setting Framing is the process of making a â€Å"meaning† out of incidents or stories. In the effort of building a line of comprehension between journalists and the readers, the frames are often drawn from. It is said to often chosen unintentionally. As an example, when a journalist is making a story about the high rising rate of poverty in a state, he or she will have to do what is called thematic framing, which means that eventually, a connection will have to be made between the increasing rate of poverty and the state government’s policies. While in periodic framing, the routine nature of the story derive journalists to put the blame on individual   actors, preventing audience from making a generalization of the stories (London). Priming is done when a journalist gives an extra weight onto an issue or an opinion, allowing people’s mind to have a change in their opinion. This is usually done by giving extra amount of coverage, making an issue salient while others not. Agenda Setting is even more conspicuous than the two terms we have mentioned before. It is a process of giving a certain theme over incidents that happens in a coverage area. By using materials that are sensitive to society, journalist can properly â€Å"put in ideas on people’s head†. For example, research shows that a single exposure on a violent crime-related news can heightened people’s fear of being victimized, which then gave the idea that violent crime is a very important issue (â€Å"Media Effects†). One of the most attractive issue on priming and agenda setting is the LA Times anti-Israel Propaganda. In the join the boycott website, there are enough reasons to make visitors of the site hate the LA Times. According to the website, the boycott is due the intolerable bias on news coverage relating Israel-Palestinian ‘endless’ debacle. Furthermore, it shows that LA times has done all of the three forbidden acts of journalism we have addressed before. This situation also applies to the case of New York Times v. Sullivan in which the Times has set up a political agenda about Black community to vote. Conclusion The role of media in our society is unbelievably important. Truthful coverage is always a worthy achievement. Politics does not come in the form of campaigns, elections, and the affairs of big government, but also the press as mind setters of the society. Furthermore, the new ruling, in effect since the case of New York Times v. Sullivan to this day, favors media to expose the misdeeds conducted by politicians or public figures in which the new ruling enables media to cover politicians aggressively without fear of lawsuits. However, the audiences still have absolute control to choose what they want or do not want to value what journalists distinguish as important. Nevertheless, the psychological implications of framing, priming and agenda setting are less significant. The existence of a picture and the atmosphere of the language can be a gentle but powerful way to alter opinions to the preferred direction. Bibliography Goldman, Jerry. â€Å"New York Times v. Sullivan.† OYEZ. 2004. Retrieved April 2, 2005   Ã¢â‚¬Å"How Public Is the NPR?† Retrieved March 19, 2005 from Iyengar, Shanto. â€Å"Media Effects.† 1998. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from â€Å"LA Times Israel anti-propaganda Watch.† 2004. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from London, Scott. â€Å"How Media Frames Political Issues.† 1993. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from Pulle, Matt. â€Å"Don’t Kill the Messenger.† Nashville Scene. 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from U.S. Supreme Court. â€Å"New York Times v. Sullivan.† Retrieved April 2, 2005 from